What is Article 97 in simple words?
Asked by: Cathryn Stokes | Last update: April 29, 2026Score: 4.4/5 (1 votes)
Article 97 can refer to different things, but most commonly in the U.S., it's a Massachusetts constitutional amendment giving citizens the right to a clean environment, protecting public lands for conservation, and requiring a supermajority vote (two-thirds) in the legislature to change their use. In India, the 97th Amendment granted constitutional status to cooperative societies, making them a fundamental right to form. In the context of the Indian Constitution's original text, Article 97 sets the salaries and allowances for the presiding officers of Parliament (Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Speaker, Deputy Speaker) until Parliament decides otherwise,.
What is the purpose of Article 97?
Article 97 of the Amendments to the Massachusetts Constitution (Art. 97) establishes a right to a clean environment including its natural, scenic, historical, and aesthetic qualities for the citizens of the Commonwealth.
How does article 97 relate to other laws?
It provides, in part, that “Lands and easements taken or acquired for [Article 97] purposes shall not be used for other purposes or otherwise disposed of except by laws enacted by two thirds vote, taken by yeas and nays, of each branch of the general court.” Article 97 purposes include dedication of public land to open ...
What is 301 cmr 52.00 disposition or change in use of Article 97 interests?
The update (301 CMR 52: Disposition or Change in Use of Article 97 Interests) seeks to provide further procedures and requirements for proposals to change the use or dispose of land or interests in land subject to Article 97.
What were Pinchot's views on forestry?
He worked to promote efficiency in resource use and to cut back on waste in the forests, utilizing the whole of felled trees. Pinchot clashed with other leaders of the environmental movement, including John Muir, in the debate over the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
Part 5th | Article 97 | The Union | Chapter 2nd | Indian Polity & Constitution In English In Hindi.
What does pre-existing non-conforming mean?
“A pre-existing nonconforming use arises when a lawful existing use is subsequently barred by a change in the zoning ordinance.” Hager v. West Rockhill Township Zoning Hearing Board, 795 A.
What is the meaning of section 97?
In simple words, Section 97 of the Indian Penal Code grants every person the right to defend their own body and the body of others against any offense affecting the human body, and also to defend their own or others' property against theft, robbery, mischief, or criminal trespass.
Why is part 7 removed?
Part VII of the Indian Constitution was repealed by the Seventh Amendment Act of 1956 because it dealt with Part B States (former princely states) that became redundant after India reorganized its states on a linguistic basis, making the old classification of Part A, B, C states obsolete and establishing the modern system of States and Union Territories, as explained in sources like IAS Origin and Testbook.
What are the 5 principles of the environment Act?
These principles are set out at section 13(1) of the Continuity Act, and are the principle of integration, the precautionary principle, the preventative principle, the rectification at source principle and the polluter pays principle.
How many awol before termination?
However, should the employee fail to notify you of the reason for the absence within a reasonable time, the failure to do so only renders the absence more serious – and the employee, if absent for more than 3 days ( in some cases 5 days ) may well find that he/she has been dismissed for desertion.
What is the 97th amendment all about?
India's 97th Constitutional Amendment (2011) granted constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies, aiming to ensure their democratic, autonomous, and professional functioning by adding Part IX-B and Article 43B, making the right to form cooperatives a fundamental right and promoting better governance, timely elections, and financial transparency.
Is Section 97 CrPC a dead letter?
The search warrant under sec 97 of CrPC can be issue by the Magistrate after consideration but as per the trend of filling the writ petition, sec 97 CrPC become a dead letter. It is need of the hour that advocates should take recourse to sec 97 CrPC and avoid shortcuts and overburdening of the upper court.
What are the three main rules to protect the environment?
Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Help Protect the Earth. Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Cut down on what you throw away. Follow the three "R's" to conserve natural resources and landfill space.
What are the six environmental laws?
The framework within which the department fulfils its mandate is guided by a number of policies and legislation: • The National Environmental Management Act (Nema), 1998 (Act 107 of 1998); the National Environmental Management Amendment Act, 2003 (Act 46 of 2003); the National Environmental Management Amendment Act, ...
Who does the polluter pays principle apply to?
The polluter pays principle can be applied to greenhouse gas emitters through a so-called 'carbon price'. This imposes a charge on the emission of greenhouse gases equivalent to the corresponding potential cost caused through future climate change, forcing emitters to take on, or internalise, the cost of pollution.
What does the 7th Amendment state?
“In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.”
What is article number 7?
Article 7 of Indian Constitution deals with the complex migration issues that followed Partition . It aims to set clear criteria for determining who retains Indian citizenship . Key Provisions: No Citizenship: Post-March 1 migrants to Pakistan are not Indian citizens.
What is the 7th Constitutional Amendment?
7th Constitutional Amendment Act reorganized Indian states on linguistic lines, created 14 states & 6 UTs, and clarified key constitutional provisions. The 7th Constitutional Amendment Act was introduced to re-organise the states systematically, replacing the earlier boundaries.
What is the meaning of 97?
The meaning of "97" varies by context: mathematically, it's the largest two-digit prime number, a self-number, and an emirp; chemically, it's the atomic number of Berkelium (Bk); spiritually, as an "angel number," it often signifies completion, inner wisdom, or divine guidance; and technically, *97 can be a star code to manage anonymous calls on phones.
What is the Evidence Act s77?
77 Exception: evidence relevant otherwise than as opinion evidence. The opinion rule does not apply to evidence of an opinion that is admitted because it is relevant for a purpose other than proof of the existence of a fact about the existence of which the opinion was expressed.
What is Section 97 petition?
If any District Magistrate, Sub-divisional Magistrate or Magistrate of the first class has reason to believe that any person is confined under such circumstances that the confinement amounts to an offence, he may issue, a search-warrant, and the person to whom such warrant is directed may search for the person so ...
What are the 4 types of land use?
There are many types of land use we need to consider when studying the topic. Those types include recreational, transport, agricultural, residential, and commercial.
What does "grandfathered in" mean legally?
"Grandfathered in" legally means an exemption from a new law or regulation, allowing existing activities, properties, or rights to continue under old rules, even if they wouldn't be permitted under the new ones. These clauses are practical compromises, protecting established situations (like non-conforming buildings or pre-existing licenses) from immediate disruption, but often come with limitations, such as restrictions on expansion or eventual loss if the use changes.
Does rezoning increase property value?
Yes, rezoning often increases property value by allowing for more profitable uses (like commercial or higher-density housing), attracting more buyers/developers, and increasing income potential, but it can also decrease value if it leads to less desirable uses (like industrial) or adds restrictions, depending heavily on local market demand, infrastructure, and the specific zoning change.
What are the 3 R's to save the environment?
Three R ( Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Reduce, reuse, and recycle, often referred to as the three Rs, are fundamental principles in sustainable waste management and environmental conservation.